The study of experimental evolution in Escherichia coli has provided unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of adaptive mutations, elucidating how populations diverge and optimise their fitness ...

A groundbreaking study published in this week’s issue of PNAS by scientists from Israel and Ghana shows that an evolutionarily significant mutation in the human APOL1 gene arises not randomly but more ...

The search space for protein engineering grows exponentially with complexity. A protein of just 100 amino acids has 20100 ...

Groundbreaking research shows that as men age, harmful genetic mutations in sperm become more common—not just from random chance, but because some are naturally favored. Advanced sequencing revealed ...

Researchers published a new study, “Ongoing chromothripsis underpins osteosarcoma genome complexity and clonal evolution,” in Cell that they say solves the mystery of what drives the genomic ...

The search space for protein engineering grows exponentially with complexity. A protein of just 100 amino acids has 20^100 possible variants-more combinations than atoms in the observable universe.

All of living nature is subject to evolution. Living organisms are exposed to selection pressure, which means that those that are best able to assert themselves survive. This natural selection process ...

Mitochondria are known as the body’s “energy factories,” and their function is essential for life. Inside mitochondria, a set of complexes called the oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) system ...

Genes are short sections of DNA that determine an animal’s traits—everything from coat color and claw strength to body shape ...