The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) represents a significant driver of Northern Hemisphere climate, but the forcing mechanisms pacing the AMO remain poorly understood. Here we use the ...

Radiative forcing operates on all timescales over Earth’s history (Ruddiman, 2001). This includes (1) geological timescales (tens of millions of years) over which the output of the Sun, concentrations ...

The Earth receives a continuous influx of energy from the Sun. Some of this energy is absorbed at the Earth’s surface or by the atmosphere, while some is reflected back to space. At the same time, the ...